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Pipes and tubing used in plumbing systems are made of several different materials and are joined in different ways. Most news supply systems have copper piping, while most DWV pipes are made of plastic.

Building code specify the limits for cutting holes and notches in joists and studs. While it is best to avoid notching, it is sometimes unavoidable. Joist should then be reinforced by nailing a two by scab to each side of the altered member, using 12 penny nails. A scab is a short length of wood used to reinforce another piece. In extreme cases, an additional full length joist called a sister, can be nailed to the notched joist.

Plumbers often need to bore large holes through a series of joists in order to install waste pipes. The size and location of these holes are limited by code. When a joist must be cut through completely, the cut ends must be supported by headers. Proper planning during framing can usually eliminate the need to alter joists.

Supply pipes are relatively easy for the plumber to position. Their diameters are small and they are pressurized. This means that they can run in a way that avoids obstacles. However, waste pipes are not as easy to position. The pipes are large and must slow for the proper drainage. And framing a house, carpenters should provide adequate space for drain and waste pipes. This is particularly important at bathtub and toilet locations.

Special framing is sometimes needed to support unusually heavy items such as large bathtubs.

Pipes are the least expensive portion of a plumbing system. Fixtures and their related parts are much more costly. A deluxe faucet, for example, can easily cost 10 times as much as a modest faucet. When preparing cost estimates for the house, the contractor generally looks closely at plumbing system costs. One way to reduce costs is to use fixtures of lower quality. Also, arranging the fixtures efficiently can reduce installation costs.

Most house is in rural areas are not connected to a municipal water system. Instead, water is supplied by a water pump located near the bottom of a deep narrow well. The well shaft is lined with a pipe capped surface. Underground pipes lead from the pump to a tank located inside the house. Fresh water in the tank is kept under pressure and distributed by supply pipes as needed.

Houses served by a well are not usually connected to a sewer. Instead, wastes flow through the DWV system into a below grade septic system on the property. The system collects solid waste in an underground tank and breaks it down with bacteria. Periodically, the taint must be pumped out to remove accumulated sludge. Liquid wastes in a septic system flow into a filtering area called a drain field. A drain field is a network of perforated pipes embedded in sand and gravel.

A plumbing system brings fresh water into the house and remove solid and liquid wastes. The two portions of the system are referred to as the supply side and the wayside. The wasteside is also called the drain/waste/vent system.

A typical plumbing system consists of three basic types of pipes.

Supply pipes. These are small diameter pipes usually made of copper. They distribute hot and cold water to fixtures. They are pressurized add up to 160 PSI distribute the water evenly throughout the house.

Waste pipes. These are large diameter pipes made of plastic or cast iron. They convey liquid and solid wastes away from the house under atmospheric pressure.

Vent pipes. These are large diameter plastic pipes. They encourage drainage and remove gases by balancing atmospheric pressure in the waste pipes.

A service Main is a pipe that brings water to the house. It is connected at the street to the municipal water system. A water meter connected to the service Main records amount of water used.

Waste flows out of the house by means of gravity to the sewer or the septic tank. In a horizontal lengths of waste pipe must be slow to Drain properly.

An important component of the DWP system is a collection of traps. A trap is a curved section of drain pipe that is located beneath a fixture. It prevents sewer gases in the waste pipes from entering the house but does not block the drainage. A small amount of water in the bottom of each trap serves as a gas plug.

The plumber installs the piping system for water and drainage, including all of the fixtures. A plumbing fixture is any device that receives or drains water. A bathtub is one example. The plumber must know the sizes of the fixtures so that pipes will be in the correct location for each one.

Plumbers work with many different materials. Thus, they must possess a wide variety of skills. These include woodworking, metal working, welding, brazing, soldering, caulking, and pipe threading. There hand tools include wrenches, reamers, drills, hammers, chisels, and saws. Plumbers must also be able to use power tools, such as portable drills and reciprocating saws. They also use oxyacetylene and propane torches for welding, brazing, and soldering.

Specifications for installing plumbing systems are outlined in a uniform plumbing code or at the international plumbing code, in addition to local codes. The installation must be checked by a plumbing inspector at two stages of the construction. The Ruff in stage, and the finished stage.

The house designer or architect determines the general location and type of fixtures. This information is shown on the floor plans. Color, model number, and manufacture can be found on the plumbing fixture schedule. However, the plumber determines the exact position of each fixture during installation. The plumber is also responsible for locating and installing the pipes to serve those fixtures.

The Term mechanicals refers to general plumbing, electrical, and heating/ventilating/air-conditioning ( HVAC) systems. Mechanical systems are always installed by specialized subcontractors. The mechanical trades work at different times during the construction process for example, plumbers arrive during the rough framing stage to install rough drain lines. They return later to set finish plumbing. Because each trade requires multiple visits, their work must be carefully scheduled. The general contractor is responsible for coordinating the work of mechanical trades.

Each mechanical trade requires specialized tools and a great deal of knowledge.

On a hip roof, first install the Ridge board and the common rafters extending from the Ridge ends to the side walls. This is done in about the same manner as for a Gable roofs. Then fill in the intermediate common rafters. Next, install each common Rafter that extends from the Ridge and to the midpoint on the end wall. Do this for both walls. These rafters are referred to as the end rafters. Finally, install the hip rafters and hip jacks.

The common rafters in a hip roof do not have to be plumbed. If the hip rafters are correctly cut, installing the hip rafters in the common Rafter that project from the end of the Ridge board to the and wall will make the common rafters plumb.

Toenail hip rafters to the plate with 8 penny nails, two at each side. At the Ridge board, toenail hip rafters with four eight penny nails. After the hip rafters are fastened in place, drive a nail part way into the top edge of the hip Rafter at the Ridge and and at the plate and. Pull a string taut between the nails as a hip jacks are nailed to the hip Rafter. Keep it centered on the top edge of the hip Rafter. This allows you to see if the hip Rafter is being pushed out of alignment by the jacks and ensures a Strait line.

The hip jacks should be nailed all in pairs, one opposite to the other. Do not nail all the jacks on one side of the hip first. This will push the hip out of a line it and cause it to bow. Toenail hip jacks to the rafters with 10 penny nails, three at each jack, and to the plate with 10 penny nails, two at each side.

For a Gable roof the two pairs of Gable end rafters and the Ridge board are usually erected first. Two people, one at each end of the scaffold, hold the Ridge board into position. Meanwhile, a third person sets the Gable and rafters in place and toenails them to the top plate with eight penny nails, two on one side and one on the other side. Nailing at the plate first prevents the Ridge from slipping out of position as the Ridge is being installed. Make certain that heall, plumb cut of the Byrd's mouth, is tied against the side of the building when the Rafter is nailed at the plate. Otherwise, the Ridge will not be set at the correct height.

Each worker on the scaffold than in nails the Ridge board to one of the rafters with 3-16 penny nails driven through the Ridge board and into the end Rafter. The opposing Rafter is toenailed to the Ridge board and then the first rafter with 4-16 penny nails, two on each side of the Rafter.

If the Ridge board has not been previously erected and braced, temporary braces like those for a walls should be installed at the Ridge ends. This will prevent the rafters from tipping from side to side.

Ceiling joists are nailed to adjacent rafters with 3-10 penny nails, two to each side.